大尺度湿大气原始方程组对边界参数的连续依赖性*

郭连红, 李远飞

(广东财经大学华商学院 应用数学系, 广州 511300)

摘要: 大气的大尺度动力学方程由Navier-Stokes方程导出的原始方程组控制,并与热力学和盐度扩散输运方程耦合在过去的几十年里,人们从数学的角度对大气、海洋与耦合了大气和海洋的原始方程组进行了广泛的研究许多学者的研究主要关注原始方程组在数学上的逻辑性,即方程组的适定性笔者开始注意到研究原始方程组自身稳定性的必要性因为在模型建立、简化的过程中不可避免地会出现一些误差,这就需要研究方程组中系数的微小变化是否会引起方程组解的巨大变化该文运用原始方程组解的先验估计,结合能量估计与微分不等式技术,展示了如何控制水汽比,证明了大尺度湿大气原始方程组的解对边界参数的连续依赖性

关 键 词: 原始方程组; 先验估计; 连续依赖性

引 言

大气的大尺度动力学方程由Navier-Stokes方程导出的原始方程组控制,并与热力学和盐度扩散输运方程耦合在过去的几十年里,人们从数学的角度对大气、海洋与耦合了大气和海洋的原始方程组进行了广泛的研究[1-3]在文献[4]中,Lions、Temam和Wang引入了大尺度海洋的原始方程,证明了大尺度海洋原始方程弱解的存在性和局部时间强解的适定性基于Lions、Temam和Wang的研究[5],许多学者继续考虑了大规模大气原始方程解的适定性[6-8]关于大气、海洋三维黏性原始方程组强解的整体存在性、唯一性以及对于初值的连续依赖性,可见文献[9-14]文献[15-16]研究了在气压坐标下,湿大气原始方程弱解的整体存在性文献[17]解决了湿大气原始方程整体适定性问题,以及解的长时间行为此外,人们还研究了带其他边界条件的大气、海洋原始方程组的整体适定性[18-20]

显然,上述研究主要关注原始方程组在数学上的逻辑性,即方程组的适定性我们开始注意到研究原始方程组自身稳定性的必要性因为在模型建立、简化的过程中不可避免地会出现一些误差,这就需要研究方程组中系数的微小变化是否会引起方程组解的巨大变化在文献中已经出现了相关研究[19-20],进而得到了三个类似结果[21-25]

本文将继续这方面的研究工作,但是我们在方程组中考虑了水汽比的影响,这种类型的方程组称为湿大气原始方程组本文将研究该方程组对边界参数的连续依赖性

本文研究在Ω×∞上,如下三维大尺度湿大气原始方程组[6,26]:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

其中ΩR3上的一个柱形区域,

Ω=M×(0,1),

(6)

MR2上的一个光滑有界区域,Ω的边界记为

u=(u1,u2)表示水平速度场,u=(-u2,u1),三维速度场(u1,u2,w)、温度T均为未知函数Ro表示Rossby系数, f=2cos θ0表示Coriolis参数,未知函数q表示空气中水汽混合比,Φ是位势场,压力P满足p=(P-p0)z+p0(0<p0pP),Q1,Q2为分别给定的热源与水汽源函数∇=(∂x,∂y)是水平梯度算子,a,b 均为大于零的常数,a≈0.618黏性和扩散算子L1,L2,L3分别为

其中μ1,μ2是大于零的常数,分别表示水平和垂直方向的Reynolds系数,μ3,μ4,μ5,μ6均为大于零的常数,是Laplace算子原始方程组(1)~(5)满足的边界条件为

(7)

(8)

(9)

其中nΓl上的单位外法向量,α,β是大于零的常数初始条件满足

u(x,y,z,0)=u0(x,y,z), T(x,y,z,0)=T0(x,y,z), q(x,y,z,0)=q0(x,y,z),

(10)

其中u0,T0,q0是可微函数

为简便运算,不妨假设μ1,μ2,μ3,μ4,μ5,μ6等于1,并且记算子L=-Δ-∂2/∂z2将式(3)在(0,z)上积分,得

w(x,y,z,t)=w(x,y,0,t)-∇·u(x,y,s,t)ds

由边界条件(7)和(8),可得

w(x,y,z,t)=-∇·u(x,y,s,t)ds

(11)

以及

∇·u(x,y,s,t)ds=∇·u(x,y,s,t)ds=0

(12)

假设Φs为等压面s=1上的未知函数将式(2)在(0,z)上积分,得到

(13)

由式(11)~(13),可以将原方程组(1)~(5)改写为

∇(1+aq)Tds+

(14)

(15)

(16)

系统(14)~(16)的边界条件为

(17)

(18)

(19)

初始条件为

u(x,y,z,0)=u0(x,y,z), T(x,y,z,0)=T0(x,y,z), q(x,y,z,0)=q0(x,y,z)

(20)

1 先 验 估 计

采用文献[16]的方法(见文献[16]中式(3.9)、(3.32)、(3.37)、(3.44)),类似可得如下引理1

引理1[16]Q1∈L2(Ω),Q2∈L2(Ω),(v,T,q)是方程组(14)~(20)的解,则

4) ‖∇

‖∇

其中ρ2(t),ρ8(t),ρ9(t),ρ10(t)是关于t的正函数

引理2[27]Ω1Rm1,且Ω2Rm2,其中m1m2是正整数,函数f(ξ,η)是Ω1×Ω2上的可测函数,则

(21)

引理3[28]Ω是有界的凸区域,则

(22)

其中δ是大于零的任意常数

2 方程组对边界参数α,β 的连续依赖性

假设(u1,T1,q1,Φs1)和(u2,T2,q2,Φs2)是方程组(14)~(20)对应于不同边界参数α1,β1α2,β2的两组解,记

(23)

满足

∇)u2-

(24)

T2-

(25)

(26)

边界条件为

(27)

(28)

(29)

初始条件为

(30)

定理1 假设(u1,T1,q1)和(u2,T2,q2)是方程组(14)~(20)对应于不同边界参数α1,β1α2,β2的两组解,则对任意t>0,当α1α2,β1β2时,有

(u1,T1,q1)→(u2,T2,q2),

且满足如下不等式:

也即表明方程组(14)~(20)的解对边界参数的连续依赖性

证明 将方程(24)和(25)分别与在L2(Ω)中做内积,应用分部积分,由边界条件(27)~(29),计算得

(31)

(32)

我们用到了以下计算结果:

(33)

(34)

(35)

由Hölder、Cauchy、Minkowsky不等式与引理1,计算得

u2L2(Ω)

(36)

‖∇

1‖∇

(37)

与式(36)和(37)的计算类似,可得

C‖∇

C3‖∇

(38)

利用Hölder、Cauchy、Minkowsky不等式与引理1,类似式(36)~(38),计算得

(39)

7‖∇

(40)

(41)

又因为

(42)

利用分部积分,可得

(43)

将估计式(36)~(38)代入式(31),将式(39)~(42)代入式(32),并应用式(43),两式相加计算整理,得

(44)

将方程(36)与在L2(Ω)中做内积,通过分部积分,由边界条件(27)~(29),计算得

(45)

类似式(36)~(38)的计算方法,可得如下估计:

(46)

13‖∇

(47)

其中

(48)

将式(46)~(48)代入式(45),得

13)‖∇

(49)

我们取

将式(44)、(49)相加,计算得

(50)

由Gronwall不等式,可得

其中

10,

于是定理1得证

3 结 论

本文主要展示了如何控制水汽比、利用能量估计的办法,得到了湿大气原始方程组对黏性系数的连续依赖性接下来,也可以继续研究湿大气原始方程组的收敛性,即当方程组的系数趋近于零时所产生的影响据笔者所知,目前这类研究在文献中尚未出现,而且这类研究还可以向带随机力的原始方程组、海洋原始方程组、大气原始方程组以及耦合了海洋和大气的原始方程组甚至干大气原始方程组展开我们希望本文的研究能为读者带来一定的灵感,这也是我们下一步研究的一个重点方向

致谢 本文作者衷心感谢广东财经大学华商学院校内科研项目(2019HSDS22)对本文的资助

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Continuous Dependence on Boundary Parameters of the Original Equations for Large-Scale Wet Atmosphere

GUO Lianhong, LI Yuanfei

(Department of Applied Mathematics, Huashang College, Guangdong University of Finance & Economics, Guangzhou 511300, P.R.China)

Abstract: Large-scale dynamic equations for atmosphere are controlled by the original equations derived from the Navier-Stokes equations, and coupled with the thermodynamics and salinity diffusion transport equations. In the past few decades, the atmosphere, ocean, and atmosphere-ocean coupling original equations were extensively studied from the perspective of mathematics. The previous literatures mainly focused on the mathematical logic or well-posedness of the original equations. The stability of the original equations was addressed. Given the inevitable errors in the model establishment and simplification, the effects of coefficients’ small changes on solutions’ great changes were studied for the original equations. Prior estimates of the solutions, combined with energy estimation and the differential inequality technique, were used to control steam ratios. The results prove the continuous dependence of the solutions to the large-scale wet atmosphere original equations on boundary parameters.

Key words: original equation; prior estimation; continuous dependence

ⓒ 应用数学和力学编委会,ISSN 1000-0887

http://www.applmathmech.cn

*收稿日期: 2020-01-13;

修订日期: 2020-07-10

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(11371175);广东普通高校重点科研项目(自然科学)(2019KZDXM042)

作者简介:

郭连红(1982—),女,副教授,硕士(通讯作者. E-mail: guoat164@163.com);

李远飞(1982—),男,特聘教授,博士(E-mail: liqfd@163.com).

引用格式: 郭连红, 李远飞. 大尺度湿大气原始方程组对边界参数的连续依赖性[J]. 应用数学和力学, 2020, 41(9): 1036-1047.

中图分类号: O178

文献标志码: A

DOI: 10.21656/1000-0887.410028

Foundation item: The National Natural Science Foundation of China(11371175)