Finite Element Displacement Perturbation Method for Geometric Nonlinear Behaviors of Shells of Revolution Overall Bending in a Meridional Plane and Application toBellows(Ⅱ)

The finite-element-displacement-perturbation method (FEDPM) for the geometric nonlinear behaviors of shells of revolution subjected to pure bending moments or lateral forces in one of their meridional planes (Ⅰ) was employed to calculate the stress distributions and the stiffness of the bellows. Firstly, by applying the first-order-perturbation solution (the linear solution) of the FEDPM to the bellows, the obtained results were compared with those of the general solution and the initial parameter integration solution proposed by the present authors earlier, as well as of the experiments and the FEA by others. It is shown that the FEDPM is with good precision and reliability, and as it was pointed out in (Ⅰ) the abrupt changes of the meridian curvature of bellows would not affect the use of the usual straight element. Then the nonliear behaviors of the bellows were discussed. As expected, the nonlinear effects mainly come from the bellows ring plate, and the wider the ring plate is, the stronger the nonlinear effects are. Contrarily, the vanishing of the ring plate, like the C-shaped bellows, the nonlinear effects almost vanish. In addition, when the pure bending moments act on the bellows, each convolution has the same stress distributions calculated by the linear solution and other linear theories, but by the present nomlinear solution they vary with respect to the convolutions of the bellows.Yet for most bellows, the linear solutions are valid in practice.